Chapter 18 : Cures
In 1972 Paul Berg made the first man-mad recombinant DNA using restriction enzymes and ligase. Afterwards there were many experiments that uses recombinant DNA in which a retrovirus would be stripped of its infectious genes and replaces with a desired gene. It is then injected into the body in order to cure diseases such as SCID, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and cancer through gene therapy. Ridley then wonders about of the possibilities of human cloning with genetic improvement through use of embryonic stem cells and recombinant DNA.
Sunday, June 3, 2012
Genome Entries 9
Chapter 14 : Immortality
A molecular biologist named James Watson in 1972 discovered that polymerases does not start copying DNA at the tip of the chromosome but they instead start coding part way into the DNA, so when the DNA is replicated, little bit of the telomere is left out. Telomerase is responsible for increasing the continuous division of cells. This explains why brain cells do not divide in order to save the vital genes they have. In Malignant cancer, cells switch the gene on after it has bee switched off by most cells in development. Ridley proposes a hypothesis that aging maybe be caused by evolution.
A molecular biologist named James Watson in 1972 discovered that polymerases does not start copying DNA at the tip of the chromosome but they instead start coding part way into the DNA, so when the DNA is replicated, little bit of the telomere is left out. Telomerase is responsible for increasing the continuous division of cells. This explains why brain cells do not divide in order to save the vital genes they have. In Malignant cancer, cells switch the gene on after it has bee switched off by most cells in development. Ridley proposes a hypothesis that aging maybe be caused by evolution.
Genome Entries 8
Chapter 8: Environment
Genetic inheritance is explained in this chapter as the principles of pleiotrophy, pluralism, and the environment of the individual. Chromosome 5 contains one of the asthma genes. Asthma has a direct relationship with allergies and can be affected by it. Scientist think that asthma might be increasing because of pollution from modern synthetic chemicals like isocyanates and excessive hygiene. hey found that two genes that are closest related to the asthma causing gene. These two genes produces immunogobuln- E. The proteins comes in different forms and is involved with the release of histamine into the body. Asthma has been linked to trivial and inconclusive gene but the cause of the disease is mostly because of the environment of the individual.
Genetic inheritance is explained in this chapter as the principles of pleiotrophy, pluralism, and the environment of the individual. Chromosome 5 contains one of the asthma genes. Asthma has a direct relationship with allergies and can be affected by it. Scientist think that asthma might be increasing because of pollution from modern synthetic chemicals like isocyanates and excessive hygiene. hey found that two genes that are closest related to the asthma causing gene. These two genes produces immunogobuln- E. The proteins comes in different forms and is involved with the release of histamine into the body. Asthma has been linked to trivial and inconclusive gene but the cause of the disease is mostly because of the environment of the individual.
Genome Entries 7
Chapter 11: Personality
Dopamine is a chemical that creates motivational moods. If someone was to lack Dopamine they would become lethargic or immobile and excess loos of Dopamine can cause schizophrenia. In chapter 11, Dean Hamer shows a study of D4DR that relates with novelty seeking behavior. Hamer depathologizes peoples personalities and reassures them that their personality is innate rather than some learned flaw helped them in order to improve their self esteem. Diet and the amount of cholesterol ones intake can also affect personality and behavior. Antisocial and depressed people have been shown to have lower cholesterol levels because cholesterol affects serotonin. Lower cholesterol levels creates in lower serotonin levels results in depression or violent desires.
Dopamine is a chemical that creates motivational moods. If someone was to lack Dopamine they would become lethargic or immobile and excess loos of Dopamine can cause schizophrenia. In chapter 11, Dean Hamer shows a study of D4DR that relates with novelty seeking behavior. Hamer depathologizes peoples personalities and reassures them that their personality is innate rather than some learned flaw helped them in order to improve their self esteem. Diet and the amount of cholesterol ones intake can also affect personality and behavior. Antisocial and depressed people have been shown to have lower cholesterol levels because cholesterol affects serotonin. Lower cholesterol levels creates in lower serotonin levels results in depression or violent desires.
Genome Entries 6
Chapter17 : Death
A gene called TP53 is responsible for suppressing rogue cancer cells and is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. These genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Ridley explains that the reason detecting cancer early is so important is that the more it progresses and the more the cells divide, the more mutations accumulate. Some cancer victims also carry mutations in mutator genes. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in later stages of the disease
A gene called TP53 is responsible for suppressing rogue cancer cells and is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. These genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Ridley explains that the reason detecting cancer early is so important is that the more it progresses and the more the cells divide, the more mutations accumulate. Some cancer victims also carry mutations in mutator genes. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in later stages of the disease
BOW Invert Comparassion
Arachnid
Arachnids are a class of invertebrates with 8 jointed legs. They have two pairs of appendages used for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. They have pedipals and chelicerae but no antennae nor wings. Their body is organed into two tagmata . The cephalothorax and the abdomen. Arachnids consist of spiders, ticks, scorpions, and ricinulei and more.
Insects
Insects are a class of invertebrates with a chitin exoskeleton that protects them. Insects have six legs. They have three main body parts. These are the head, thorax, and abdomen. They have three pairs of jointed legs. Insects have wings. Their wings are located on their thorax Insects have compound eyes. They have two pairs of antennae. Insects hatch from eggs and there are about 800,00 different types of insects. The insect class consist of ants, grasshoppers, cricket, wasp, and stink bug.
Annelids
Annelids are sometimes called Annelida. They are from a large phylum of segmented worms. There are about 17,00 species. The Annelids consists of rag worms, earthworms, and leeches. They are found marines environments to freshwater environments to terrestrial environments. Annelids have multiple segments. They have blood circulation within blood vessels. They can produce asexually.
http://ecoglitz.com/wp-content/gallery/insect/insects7.jpg
http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/1929n005.jpg
http://www.cepolina.com/photo/nature/animals/worm/2/worms_annelid_red_nest.jpg
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/annelida.html
http://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/
http://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/arachnids/
BOW Nephrons
The Nephron is the main unit of the kidney. Its main job is to regulate the concentration of water and substances such as sodium and salts by filtering the blood, regaining the nutrients and proteins( of which the body needs) by reabsorbing it ad expelling the waste in the form of urine. The nephron starts by filtering out the blood. The distal and proximal tube will then slowly bring back in the nutrients such as calcium, chloride, proteins, etc that the body needs. Whatever if left goes to the ureter then gets send to the bladder in which it is urinated out. The nephron capsule filters urea, water, glucose, and salts from the
capillary, and sends them through the tubule. Then the tubule re-absorbs
water and glucose back into the blood, and carries what is left over urine to the ureter. Urine is made up of a a mixture of urea, water, and salts. The three main parts of the nephron is the Glomerular capsule, Henle's loop, and Collection tube.
http://www1.shore.net/~straub/labsk_nephron.gif
http://www.ccmtutorials.com/renal/pathphys/page_02.htm
http://www.kidneyhealthcare.com/2010/12/nephron-structure-function-nephron.html
http://www1.shore.net/~straub/labsk_nephron.gif
http://www.ccmtutorials.com/renal/pathphys/page_02.htm
http://www.kidneyhealthcare.com/2010/12/nephron-structure-function-nephron.html
BOW Starfish
The scientific names for starfishes are called echinoderms. Starfish are marine invertebrates. They have a central point along with 5 or more arms. Echinoderms have tube feet with suction pads. They evolved from bilateral symmetrical animals. Echinoderms have mesodermal skeletons. The left side of their body tends to grow symmetrically in a pentagon like shape. Starfish preys on clams and oysters. They are also filter feeders. Their body wall consists of three layers. The first outer layer is a single layer of cells that covers the entire starfish. The third layer are made up of ciliated cells that separates the starfish's guts from its skin. The middle layer is a thick layer called the dermis. It is made up of connective tissue and contains the exoskeleton. The exoskeleton supports the spines, warts, and tubercles that are found on the echinoderm surface.
Echinoderms has contact with the external world through its water vascular system including the tube feet. The water vascular system starts with an opening to the external environment called a madreporite. Then continues the stone canals that leads to the ring canal that has five longitudinal canals branching off from it into each of the arms. In the Crinoidea, it has a U-shaped guy with the mouth and the anus being on the same surface. Echinoderms have a sub-epidermal never net running all over their body. Many Echinoderms use their tube feet as organs for gaseous exchange, but others such as the Ophiuroidea and the Holothuroidea have additional special sites or organs of respiration.
Ophiocistioidea
Crinoidea
Astroidea
Echinoiudea
Holothuoidea
http://www.palaeos.org/Echinodermata
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/comatulid.gif
http://seanet.stanford.edu/Asteroidea/poraniop_inf580.jpg
http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch33/33_40EchinodermDiversityC.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/seacuke.gif
Echinoderms has contact with the external world through its water vascular system including the tube feet. The water vascular system starts with an opening to the external environment called a madreporite. Then continues the stone canals that leads to the ring canal that has five longitudinal canals branching off from it into each of the arms. In the Crinoidea, it has a U-shaped guy with the mouth and the anus being on the same surface. Echinoderms have a sub-epidermal never net running all over their body. Many Echinoderms use their tube feet as organs for gaseous exchange, but others such as the Ophiuroidea and the Holothuroidea have additional special sites or organs of respiration.
Ophiocistioidea
Crinoidea
Astroidea
Echinoiudea
Holothuoidea
http://www.palaeos.org/Echinodermata
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/comatulid.gif
http://seanet.stanford.edu/Asteroidea/poraniop_inf580.jpg
http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch33/33_40EchinodermDiversityC.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/seacuke.gif
Friday, June 1, 2012
What was your favorite topic this semester?
My favorite topic was probably chapter 33 on invertebrates. I feel like in that chapter I learned more things than any other chapters because I've always been interested in insects, spiders, and other creepy crawlers. Also my uncle has a saltwater fish tank that always seem to amazes me because in his fish tank, he not only have fishes but other live "under water plants" too that I learned were corals. The tentacles things that his clown fishes like to hide in are called anemone and they belong to the cnidarian class. So yeah, I feel like if its something that I like, then it would motivate me to learn more about it.
What was your least favorite?
My least favorite chapter would be chapter 17 (from gene to protein). That chapter confused me because it talks about all these steps about RNA and its decoding and what not. Genetics is not one of my favorite chapters in the first place so I wasn't really motivated to learn it.
What would you change about this class if you could?
Not much, but one thing I would change or add is a more in depth schedule such as the exact date of each notebooks check so students won't tend to wait to the last minute.
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?
My biggest accomplishment this year was basically learning more in depth analysis of the biology course.I feel like I gain a lot of knowledge from some of the chapters and I could use those knowledge to help me in life one day or make me sound smart around other people.
My favorite topic was probably chapter 33 on invertebrates. I feel like in that chapter I learned more things than any other chapters because I've always been interested in insects, spiders, and other creepy crawlers. Also my uncle has a saltwater fish tank that always seem to amazes me because in his fish tank, he not only have fishes but other live "under water plants" too that I learned were corals. The tentacles things that his clown fishes like to hide in are called anemone and they belong to the cnidarian class. So yeah, I feel like if its something that I like, then it would motivate me to learn more about it.
What was your least favorite?
My least favorite chapter would be chapter 17 (from gene to protein). That chapter confused me because it talks about all these steps about RNA and its decoding and what not. Genetics is not one of my favorite chapters in the first place so I wasn't really motivated to learn it.
What would you change about this class if you could?
Not much, but one thing I would change or add is a more in depth schedule such as the exact date of each notebooks check so students won't tend to wait to the last minute.
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?
My biggest accomplishment this year was basically learning more in depth analysis of the biology course.I feel like I gain a lot of knowledge from some of the chapters and I could use those knowledge to help me in life one day or make me sound smart around other people.
Last Blog
What was your favorite topic this semester?
My favorite topic was probably chapter 33 on invertebrates. I feel like in that chapter I learned more things than any other chapters because I've always been interested in insects, spiders, and other creepy crawlers. Also my uncle has a saltwater fish tank that always seem to amazes me because in his fish tank, he not only have fishes but other live "under water plants" too that I learned were corals. The tentacles things that his clown fishes like to hide in are called anemone and they belong to the cnidarian class. So yeah, I feel like if its something that I like, then it would motivate me to learn more about it.
What was your least favorite?
My least favorite chapter would be chapter 17 (from gene to protein). That chapter confused me because it talks about all these steps about RNA and its decoding and what not. Genetics is not one of my favorite chapters in the first place so I wasn't really motivated to learn it.
What would you change about this class if you could?
Not much, but one thing I would change or add is a more in depth schedule such as the exact date of each notebooks check so students won't tend to wait to the last minute.
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?
My biggest accomplishment this year was basically learning more in depth analysis of the biology course.I feel like I gain a lot of knowledge from some of the chapters and I could use those knowledge to help me in life one day or make me sound smart around other people.
My favorite topic was probably chapter 33 on invertebrates. I feel like in that chapter I learned more things than any other chapters because I've always been interested in insects, spiders, and other creepy crawlers. Also my uncle has a saltwater fish tank that always seem to amazes me because in his fish tank, he not only have fishes but other live "under water plants" too that I learned were corals. The tentacles things that his clown fishes like to hide in are called anemone and they belong to the cnidarian class. So yeah, I feel like if its something that I like, then it would motivate me to learn more about it.
What was your least favorite?
My least favorite chapter would be chapter 17 (from gene to protein). That chapter confused me because it talks about all these steps about RNA and its decoding and what not. Genetics is not one of my favorite chapters in the first place so I wasn't really motivated to learn it.
What would you change about this class if you could?
Not much, but one thing I would change or add is a more in depth schedule such as the exact date of each notebooks check so students won't tend to wait to the last minute.
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?
My biggest accomplishment this year was basically learning more in depth analysis of the biology course.I feel like I gain a lot of knowledge from some of the chapters and I could use those knowledge to help me in life one day or make me sound smart around other people.
Saturday, March 3, 2012
Genome Entries number 5
Chapter 6: Intelligence
Ridley debates if intelligence is natural that is inherited from genes or if intelligence can be trained. An evidence he found is from a gene called IGF2R located on chromosome 6 that can be found in a group if gifted children chosen from all over America because they have IQ's closed to 160. The different sequence in the IGF2R is what separated these kids from the average people. Studies have also shown that on separated twin that heritability influence intelligence and personality. Ridley also mentions that intelligences gens are more expressive later in life because people can choose their own environments and comfort zones which allows the genes to express themselves more because they are more free.
Ridley debates if intelligence is natural that is inherited from genes or if intelligence can be trained. An evidence he found is from a gene called IGF2R located on chromosome 6 that can be found in a group if gifted children chosen from all over America because they have IQ's closed to 160. The different sequence in the IGF2R is what separated these kids from the average people. Studies have also shown that on separated twin that heritability influence intelligence and personality. Ridley also mentions that intelligences gens are more expressive later in life because people can choose their own environments and comfort zones which allows the genes to express themselves more because they are more free.
Genome Entries 4
Chapter: X and Y Conflict
The X and Y chromosomes attracts genes that are beneficial to that sex. The Y chromosomes attracts genes that benefits the male gender such as masculine genes but the x chromosome instead attracts genes that benefit the female gender such as genes that benefit reproduction. The X and Y chromosomes always fight each other for expressions. The Y chromosome is out numbered, so it minimized itself to protect itself from the X chromosomes who numbered them times 3. An example of two genes fighting can be seen in the sexual Antagonism of Fruit Flies. When fruit flies mate, the male's seminal fluid enters the female and in the male's seminal fluid, the proteins enter the bloodstream and travels to the brain of the female. The male proteins tells the female fly to reduce her sexual appetite and increase her ovulation rate. So the male fly is trying to manipulate the female into laying eggs for his sperm and stop reproduction with other flies. This is because of the influence of the Y chromosome in the male. But the female is under selective pressure to be more resistant to the manipulation and the outcome ends in a stalemate. From this information, William Rice did an experiment in which he prevented female flies from evolving resistance while allowing males to generate more effective seminal fluid proteins. He tested the fruits after 29 generations. The results: the male sperm was now so strong that it easily manipulated the female and could even kill her.
The X and Y chromosomes attracts genes that are beneficial to that sex. The Y chromosomes attracts genes that benefits the male gender such as masculine genes but the x chromosome instead attracts genes that benefit the female gender such as genes that benefit reproduction. The X and Y chromosomes always fight each other for expressions. The Y chromosome is out numbered, so it minimized itself to protect itself from the X chromosomes who numbered them times 3. An example of two genes fighting can be seen in the sexual Antagonism of Fruit Flies. When fruit flies mate, the male's seminal fluid enters the female and in the male's seminal fluid, the proteins enter the bloodstream and travels to the brain of the female. The male proteins tells the female fly to reduce her sexual appetite and increase her ovulation rate. So the male fly is trying to manipulate the female into laying eggs for his sperm and stop reproduction with other flies. This is because of the influence of the Y chromosome in the male. But the female is under selective pressure to be more resistant to the manipulation and the outcome ends in a stalemate. From this information, William Rice did an experiment in which he prevented female flies from evolving resistance while allowing males to generate more effective seminal fluid proteins. He tested the fruits after 29 generations. The results: the male sperm was now so strong that it easily manipulated the female and could even kill her.
Genome Entries 3
Chapter 13 Pre-Hisotry
In this chapter, Ridley talks about how the expansion of people across Europe and Asia throughout time is related to genetic variation. There is a family connection between the three families off Indo-European, Altaic, and Uralic in which it came from a single language spoken throughout Eurasia 15,000 years ago by hunter-gathering people. Genes support the evidence that expansions and migrations of human beings with technological skills is a important part of human evolution and it also affects evolution. For example the males of the Northern Finland have a different distinct Y chromosome then other Europeans but looks much more like the Y chromosomes of northern Asian people. This is because in the past, Finland was a place where the Uralic language was imposed on. BRCA2 is a gene on chromosome 13. It is a breast cancer gene and was common and high among the Iceland populations.
In this chapter, Ridley talks about how the expansion of people across Europe and Asia throughout time is related to genetic variation. There is a family connection between the three families off Indo-European, Altaic, and Uralic in which it came from a single language spoken throughout Eurasia 15,000 years ago by hunter-gathering people. Genes support the evidence that expansions and migrations of human beings with technological skills is a important part of human evolution and it also affects evolution. For example the males of the Northern Finland have a different distinct Y chromosome then other Europeans but looks much more like the Y chromosomes of northern Asian people. This is because in the past, Finland was a place where the Uralic language was imposed on. BRCA2 is a gene on chromosome 13. It is a breast cancer gene and was common and high among the Iceland populations.
Genome Entries 2
Chapter 10 Stress
In this chapter Ridley mentions that when the body needs to convert cholesterol into cortisol, testosterone, and oestradiol, it uses a gene called CYP17 located on chromosome 10. CYP17 najes an enzyme that allows the body to make this conversion happen. Without the enzyme, the pathway are blocked and the only progeserone and corticosterone are made from cholesterol. For ex. people who don't a have a copy of this gene cannot make sex hormones so they can't go through puberty, and if hes a male then he would look like a girl. Cortisol is a stress hormone. It interrogates the body and mind by changing the configuration of the brain, changes he sensitibity of the ears, noses, and eyes, and interferes with the immune system. Cortisol is released when the brain signals stress and sets off triggers, which are basically turning genes on and off. If you have a lot of cortisol in your bloodstream, there a high chance you can get heart disease. This explains why some people get heart problems if they are really stress, mad, or even emotional.
In this chapter Ridley mentions that when the body needs to convert cholesterol into cortisol, testosterone, and oestradiol, it uses a gene called CYP17 located on chromosome 10. CYP17 najes an enzyme that allows the body to make this conversion happen. Without the enzyme, the pathway are blocked and the only progeserone and corticosterone are made from cholesterol. For ex. people who don't a have a copy of this gene cannot make sex hormones so they can't go through puberty, and if hes a male then he would look like a girl. Cortisol is a stress hormone. It interrogates the body and mind by changing the configuration of the brain, changes he sensitibity of the ears, noses, and eyes, and interferes with the immune system. Cortisol is released when the brain signals stress and sets off triggers, which are basically turning genes on and off. If you have a lot of cortisol in your bloodstream, there a high chance you can get heart disease. This explains why some people get heart problems if they are really stress, mad, or even emotional.
Friday, March 2, 2012
Genome Entries 1
Chapter 15: Sex
Matt Ridley starts off the the chapter by introducing two different genetic diseases; Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman's syndrome. Children with Prader-Willi syndrome are born floppy and pale-skinned, refused to feed on breast milk but feed uncontrollably on food so much that they become obese, have small hands and feet, and have undeveloped sex organs. Angelman's syndrome is the complete opposite of Prader-Willi syndrome as the child becomes extremely thin, hyperactive, insomniac, small headed, long jawed, they move and laugh goofy, but they don't learn to speak, and are mentally retarded. Both of these syndromes sometimes appear in the same family tree. It is later discovered that in both syndrome, a same chunk of chromosome 15 was missing, but in Prader-Willi, the missing chunk was from the father chromosome while the mother chromosome was missing for the Angelman syndrome. This lead to a conclusion by scientist that genes remembers which parent it came because of its paternal imprint or maternal imprint. The imprinted version is switched on and the other versions is switched off in order for the body to express one gene. If it inherits from the father it will most likely cause Prader-Willi and if its from the mother it will cause Angelman syndrome. Anothe example is patneral genes that are inherit from the father are responsible for making the placenta and the maternal gene is responsible for making the head and brain of the embryo. This shows that our parents genes can affect and determine who we are as a person.
Matt Ridley starts off the the chapter by introducing two different genetic diseases; Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman's syndrome. Children with Prader-Willi syndrome are born floppy and pale-skinned, refused to feed on breast milk but feed uncontrollably on food so much that they become obese, have small hands and feet, and have undeveloped sex organs. Angelman's syndrome is the complete opposite of Prader-Willi syndrome as the child becomes extremely thin, hyperactive, insomniac, small headed, long jawed, they move and laugh goofy, but they don't learn to speak, and are mentally retarded. Both of these syndromes sometimes appear in the same family tree. It is later discovered that in both syndrome, a same chunk of chromosome 15 was missing, but in Prader-Willi, the missing chunk was from the father chromosome while the mother chromosome was missing for the Angelman syndrome. This lead to a conclusion by scientist that genes remembers which parent it came because of its paternal imprint or maternal imprint. The imprinted version is switched on and the other versions is switched off in order for the body to express one gene. If it inherits from the father it will most likely cause Prader-Willi and if its from the mother it will cause Angelman syndrome. Anothe example is patneral genes that are inherit from the father are responsible for making the placenta and the maternal gene is responsible for making the head and brain of the embryo. This shows that our parents genes can affect and determine who we are as a person.
Double Fetilization
In Fertilization, two male gametes are brought to the oval sac. One of the gametes fertilize with the egg cell to form an embryo and the other gamete fertilized with the polar nuclei cells to form endosperm, which is used to provide nourishment for the embryo.
In Double Fertilization, one sperm combines with the egg whole the other sperm combines with the endosperm. Double fertilization is required because seeds needs to be germinated and it needs the extra sperm in order for it to germinate.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902001.html
http://www.science20.com/news_releases/fbl17_discovery_gene_behind_%E2%80%98plant_sex_mystery%E2%80%99
In Double Fertilization, one sperm combines with the egg whole the other sperm combines with the endosperm. Double fertilization is required because seeds needs to be germinated and it needs the extra sperm in order for it to germinate.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902001.html
http://www.science20.com/news_releases/fbl17_discovery_gene_behind_%E2%80%98plant_sex_mystery%E2%80%99
Blog 5 Why is it important to define and debate our understanding of intelligence and its origins? How does this relate to you
It is important to understand and debate where our intelligence IQ comes from because sometimes debating about it can help motivate you and help you find out what your intelligence strength are and you intelligence weakness are. When one debates about intelligence, you argue if intelligence is nurture or natural born. In chapter 6 of Genome, Matt Ridley argues that IQ is natural and comes from the gene that influence intelligent. Ridley uses a group of gifted teenager with 160 IQ's gather from all over America as an example. There, Robert Plomin took their blood samples and discover that their chromosome 6 has has a slightly different sequence then chromosome other peoples chromosome 6. But Ridley also debated against his own argument stating that IQ does not tell how smart a person is. Intelligence can be influenced with practice, learning, and the right environments and conditions.
Everyone learns differently and it is important to figure out what learning styles suits us best in order to help us learn faster and more effectively. We can use our intelligence because intelligence help us determine our learning style. There are different types of intelligence such as scientific intelligence, musical intelligence, mathematical intelligence, visual intelligence, athletic intelligence, audio intelligence, etc. Me, personally, I think I am a mathematical intelligence because I have to follow organized steps by steps direction in order to understand things.
Everyone learns differently and it is important to figure out what learning styles suits us best in order to help us learn faster and more effectively. We can use our intelligence because intelligence help us determine our learning style. There are different types of intelligence such as scientific intelligence, musical intelligence, mathematical intelligence, visual intelligence, athletic intelligence, audio intelligence, etc. Me, personally, I think I am a mathematical intelligence because I have to follow organized steps by steps direction in order to understand things.
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Extra credit blog
What topics really confused you?
Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis cycles, ATP, Calvin Cycle
What topics do you feel very clear on?
I like the viruses and bacterias chapter and the ecology units. I feel confident that I understood most of their topics.
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
The Plant Transpiration activity was my favorite. I thought it was very interesting how the fan causes the plant to loose water by blowing on it and because of it losing water, the plant leaf must take in more water in order for it to moisten itself and survive. This is called transpiration in which the plant leaves must absorbed an amount of water equal to an amount of water it lost.
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
My least favorite activity was the egg and osmosis activity. I didn't really quite understand that activity and how osmosis really work,
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
Well I think the homework in this class is pretty fair. Note and study guide are due for each chapter and they really help me study and learn. All the things in the notebook to me are fair game because we have an enough amount of time to complete them. But I guess if I could change one thing, then it would be to eliminate some online labs because I feel like I learn the least from them and they are the least useful to me. They take along time to complete and their directions can sometimes be confusing.
Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis cycles, ATP, Calvin Cycle
What topics do you feel very clear on?
I like the viruses and bacterias chapter and the ecology units. I feel confident that I understood most of their topics.
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
The Plant Transpiration activity was my favorite. I thought it was very interesting how the fan causes the plant to loose water by blowing on it and because of it losing water, the plant leaf must take in more water in order for it to moisten itself and survive. This is called transpiration in which the plant leaves must absorbed an amount of water equal to an amount of water it lost.
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
My least favorite activity was the egg and osmosis activity. I didn't really quite understand that activity and how osmosis really work,
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
Well I think the homework in this class is pretty fair. Note and study guide are due for each chapter and they really help me study and learn. All the things in the notebook to me are fair game because we have an enough amount of time to complete them. But I guess if I could change one thing, then it would be to eliminate some online labs because I feel like I learn the least from them and they are the least useful to me. They take along time to complete and their directions can sometimes be confusing.
Monday, January 23, 2012
Exemplars of Phyla of Protozoa
Phylum Sporozoans
Phylum Sporozoans are nonmotile, unicellular protists that host other animals. They are the fifth phylum from the Protist Kingdom. They are parasite that lives on other animals. They invade red blood cells, multiply inside of them, raptures the cells and escape moving on to the next cell. Their apical complexes found in its cellular organization allows it to invade host cells. Symptoms are fever and chills due to the rupture of the red blood cells. One example is Malaria which is one of the most contagious disease in the tropic regions of the world. It is transmitted form the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium vivax is the best know sporozoan.
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Ciliophora have many hairlike cilia that helps propel them through the water.. They have trichoysts structures. They live in marine environments and can also be found in pond water. They consume bacteria. They have two nuclei: micronuclues and macronuclues. One of its characteristics is that it likes to roll its body when moving forward because of the oral groove found on each of its side. The minuscular like structure that they have allow them to move.
Phylum Sarcodina
Phylum Sarcodina is a single celled protist that can take a shape because of its membrane's flexibility. Amoeba is the best know Phylum Sacodina. Amoeba are slow. It stretches out is cytoplasm to function and is considered active.
Phylum Rhizopoda
Phylum Rhizopada are heterotrophic. They feed on bacteria, algae, and other protists. They are a large group of protists that moves with pseudopods. Most Rhizoodians use pseudopods to capture thier prey. Some Rhizopians are important parasites such as Entamoeba Histoltica which causes amoebic dysentary. Entamoeba is a common symbiont in the human mouth. There it feeds on bacteria and human macropahges.
Phylum Zoomastigophora
They are single-celled, eukarote and heterotrophic. They may form smbolic relationships with other organisms. Phylum Zoomastigophora eat their prey using phagocytosis. Most live alone but some species form colonies of cells. They are named for the flagella that they use to help them move. Some are parasitic. They are found in the gut of termites, and are used to digest the cellulose in wood.
http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch7_8.shtml
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01b.htm
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/mchs/diversity/ProtozoansPage1.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sporozoa.aspx
http://members.tripod.com/jeremy_liem/id38.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23931803/Phylum-Rhizopoda
http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Chromista/Sarcodina_Phylum.asp
Phylum Sporozoans are nonmotile, unicellular protists that host other animals. They are the fifth phylum from the Protist Kingdom. They are parasite that lives on other animals. They invade red blood cells, multiply inside of them, raptures the cells and escape moving on to the next cell. Their apical complexes found in its cellular organization allows it to invade host cells. Symptoms are fever and chills due to the rupture of the red blood cells. One example is Malaria which is one of the most contagious disease in the tropic regions of the world. It is transmitted form the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium vivax is the best know sporozoan. Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Ciliophora have many hairlike cilia that helps propel them through the water.. They have trichoysts structures. They live in marine environments and can also be found in pond water. They consume bacteria. They have two nuclei: micronuclues and macronuclues. One of its characteristics is that it likes to roll its body when moving forward because of the oral groove found on each of its side. The minuscular like structure that they have allow them to move.Phylum Sarcodina
Phylum Sarcodina is a single celled protist that can take a shape because of its membrane's flexibility. Amoeba is the best know Phylum Sacodina. Amoeba are slow. It stretches out is cytoplasm to function and is considered active.Phylum Rhizopoda
Phylum Rhizopada are heterotrophic. They feed on bacteria, algae, and other protists. They are a large group of protists that moves with pseudopods. Most Rhizoodians use pseudopods to capture thier prey. Some Rhizopians are important parasites such as Entamoeba Histoltica which causes amoebic dysentary. Entamoeba is a common symbiont in the human mouth. There it feeds on bacteria and human macropahges. Phylum Zoomastigophora
They are single-celled, eukarote and heterotrophic. They may form smbolic relationships with other organisms. Phylum Zoomastigophora eat their prey using phagocytosis. Most live alone but some species form colonies of cells. They are named for the flagella that they use to help them move. Some are parasitic. They are found in the gut of termites, and are used to digest the cellulose in wood. http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch7_8.shtml
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01b.htm
http://www.cbv.ns.ca/mchs/diversity/ProtozoansPage1.html
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sporozoa.aspx
http://members.tripod.com/jeremy_liem/id38.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23931803/Phylum-Rhizopoda
http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Chromista/Sarcodina_Phylum.asp
Bacterial Transformation
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/donald.slish/transformation.html
http://www.genome.ou.edu/protocol_book/protocol_adxF.html
Time Love and Memory Dicussion
I thought chapter 7 was pretty interesting because in chapter 7, Benzer talks about how he found a new way to look at mutant flies. Lewis recommended a poison called EMS to make the flies sleep so he can look at the traits because traits are similar to everybody. This is how eugenics came into play. The Germans learned about this new study of eugenics and this made the Nazi scientists to try to changed the traits that were more favorable for people. I thought this was very interesting and fascinating as it explained why the NAZI wanted to experimented on people. Even thought its completely ethically wrong, I can see why the Nazis did this because, according to history the Nazis were obsessed with their German race and they believed that the German was superior to everyone else.
Sunday, January 22, 2012
Major Plant Division
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are seed bearing plants. They were developed in the carboniferous period around 350 millions years ago. Most are extinct but some there have been fossils of them.Their main body is the diploid sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem, an leaves. Their name means "naked seed". Conifers are the largest gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are non flowering seed plants with seeds that are covered in an ovule.
Angiosperm
Divison Anthopyta or Angiosperm are vascular with seeds that are similar to gymnosperms but they are flowering plants. The flower are meant to protect the seeds from weather, animals, and humans. The seeds have two layers: inner layer that surrounds the seed and is used for storing food and protecting the seed from danger and a outer layer that protects the seeds from its environment and animals. They also produces seeds and their seeds are enclosed within fruits. Compared to Gymnosperms, Angiosperms have flowers and endosperm within their seeds. Angiosperms have roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. They are classfied into 8 groups: ; amborella, nymphaeales, austrobaileyales, chloranthales, magnoliidae, monocotyledonae, ceratophyllum and eudicotyledonae. Angiosperm have double fertilization.
Bryophytes
Embryophytes or Bryophytes. They are non vascular terrestrial green land plants that lacks the tissue for specialized woody water conducting vessels.Bryophytes are not a natural group as they do not produce flower or seeds.They lack tissue compare to other plants such as ligin or branched sporophytes. Their growth size are limited by their delicate non vascular structure. They first lived 420 million years ago. They make up the Bryophyta group which consists of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They can be dioicous or monoicous. Three lineages of Bryophytes are marchantiophyta, bryophyta and anthocerotophyta.
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are vascular plants because they possess xylem and phylum. Their xylem lacks companion cells. They are the first vascular land plants. The plant's main body is the sporophyte, which is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves. The spores born in sporangia reprodcues the sporophytes. Sporangia are usually borne on fertile leaves called sporophylls. Pteridophytes are mostly homosporous, but some are heterosporous with microspores and megaspores. They are also classified as vascular cryptogams. They are separated into two groups: Lycopodiophyta and ferns. They can be dioicous or monoicous.
http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/pter1.htm
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep14c.htm
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/angio.htm
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/gymnospr.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/250316/gymnosperm
Gymnosperms are seed bearing plants. They were developed in the carboniferous period around 350 millions years ago. Most are extinct but some there have been fossils of them.Their main body is the diploid sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem, an leaves. Their name means "naked seed". Conifers are the largest gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are non flowering seed plants with seeds that are covered in an ovule.
Angiosperm
Divison Anthopyta or Angiosperm are vascular with seeds that are similar to gymnosperms but they are flowering plants. The flower are meant to protect the seeds from weather, animals, and humans. The seeds have two layers: inner layer that surrounds the seed and is used for storing food and protecting the seed from danger and a outer layer that protects the seeds from its environment and animals. They also produces seeds and their seeds are enclosed within fruits. Compared to Gymnosperms, Angiosperms have flowers and endosperm within their seeds. Angiosperms have roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. They are classfied into 8 groups: ; amborella, nymphaeales, austrobaileyales, chloranthales, magnoliidae, monocotyledonae, ceratophyllum and eudicotyledonae. Angiosperm have double fertilization.
Bryophytes
Embryophytes or Bryophytes. They are non vascular terrestrial green land plants that lacks the tissue for specialized woody water conducting vessels.Bryophytes are not a natural group as they do not produce flower or seeds.They lack tissue compare to other plants such as ligin or branched sporophytes. Their growth size are limited by their delicate non vascular structure. They first lived 420 million years ago. They make up the Bryophyta group which consists of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They can be dioicous or monoicous. Three lineages of Bryophytes are marchantiophyta, bryophyta and anthocerotophyta.
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes are vascular plants because they possess xylem and phylum. Their xylem lacks companion cells. They are the first vascular land plants. The plant's main body is the sporophyte, which is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves. The spores born in sporangia reprodcues the sporophytes. Sporangia are usually borne on fertile leaves called sporophylls. Pteridophytes are mostly homosporous, but some are heterosporous with microspores and megaspores. They are also classified as vascular cryptogams. They are separated into two groups: Lycopodiophyta and ferns. They can be dioicous or monoicous.
http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/pter1.htm
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep14c.htm
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/angio.htm
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/gymnospr.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/250316/gymnosperm
Thoughts For a Countdown
In this article, Lewis talks about how cellular life on earth is similar. Lewis talks about the Apollo program and how astronauts returning from space would be forced to into isolation and wear surgical masks. It might be implied that the astronaut might have brought a strange virus. Lewis states that our whole society uses biology and science in order for us to understand how things work. Lewis points out that most things on this planet work together in order to succeed.
Societies as Organisms
In this articles, Lewis praises the authors of books on insect behaviors because of how they go in depth to differentiate the uniqueness of insects . In one of the more fascinating comparison in the article, Lewis compares ants to humans and shows how much o an embarrassment that we in so many ways are like ants. Ants farm and they raise livestock, which sounds very familiar to what we do. Ants form armies and fight in battles and uses chemical sprays as a weapon to confuse their enemies which sounds like us humans we form countries and wages war on each but instead of sprays we use guns to kill each other. Lewis also point out a funny but yet sad compassion. Ants capture slaves, something that humans have started since the ancient times and it still has not changed.
Lives of A Cell
In this article, Lewis Thomas argues and compares how the world is similar to a cell. I agree with his compassion. Lewis compares how in this big ball of a world that we live in (earth), things like trees supplies oxygen, bacterias to break things down, and water to generate life in order for earth to "live", all help to make the earth function. Just like a cell, which has many organelles like the smooth and rough ER, the lysosome, and many more important part that works together in order for the cell to function and live. Thomas informs his readers and gives them a tour of the cell using metaphor, analogy, and similes to relate it to the earth so the reader can have something interesting for them to connect with.
Cell Poem
A cell cant be seen
but it contains your genes
it might look round like a bean
but its smaller then a ant
each cell have special organs
taught to us by Mr.Morgan
each organ have a job
and they all look like a mob
The nucleoid contains the DNA
Where it is safe and locked away!
the plasma membrane is a barrier
but also act as a carrier
A plant has a cell wall
to protect it incase the plant falls
Mitchondria is the site for cellular respiration
its plant translation is chloroplast
the cytoskeleton extend through the ctyoplasm
tthat can also be in a gelatin
but it contains your genes
it might look round like a bean
but its smaller then a ant
each cell have special organs
taught to us by Mr.Morgan
each organ have a job
and they all look like a mob
The nucleoid contains the DNA
Where it is safe and locked away!
the plasma membrane is a barrier
but also act as a carrier
A plant has a cell wall
to protect it incase the plant falls
Mitchondria is the site for cellular respiration
its plant translation is chloroplast
the cytoskeleton extend through the ctyoplasm
tthat can also be in a gelatin
Cellular metabolism Wordle
Cellular metabolism is the total of all the biochemical reactions that took place inside a cell. It includes the reactions used in degrading food molecules, synthesis of macromolecules, and in generating small precursor molecules such as amino acids for the cell. It includes all the reactions that involve the electron transfers.Cellular respiration has metabolic pathways which are sequences of controlled biochemical reactions. Cellular metabolism allows for organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their appearance, and adapt to the environment. Metabolism helps cell control their energy use. Catbolic pathway helps release energy by breaking down complex molecules. Anabolic pathway is a process where energy is consumed to build molecules. ATP is important to the reactions because it is used by most cycles for the cycles to work. ATP helps transfer molecules throughout the cell and help facilitate reactions. Catalyst help speed up reactions without being consumed as energy. Enzymes are proteins that helps chemical reactions.
Cell Wordle
Cells are the simplest unit of life. Next are tissues and organs, which are made up of many cells, and then a system, which is run by many tissues and organs There are two types of cells, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Animals have prokaryotic cells while plants, protists, and fungi have eukaryotic cells. There are millions of different type of cells. In our bodies, there are probably thousands types of different cells such as brains cells or liver cells. Animal cells are different from plant cells because plant cells have rigid cell walls that give them structure and support since plants don't have a skeleton but yet they still don't flop all over the place. Nucleoid holds the information of the DNA. Cytoplasm holds a lot of valuable abundance of membranes organelles with their specialized functions to the cell. It also act as a barrier which control what goes in and out of the cell such as nutrients and wastes. Ribosomes are important for protein synthesis. Smooth ER is important to the liver because it detoxify the liver and its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes. Golgi Apparatus is important since it modifies product of ER and sends them to specific locations. Chloroplast is important to the cell because it is the location where photosynthesis takes place. The cell wall protects the cell to prevent excessive water intake that could kill the cell and the plant. Transport protein function by allowing certain molecules to pass through the membranes.
Saturday, January 21, 2012
Bacteria Vs. Virus Vs. Prions
Bacteria make up a large part of the domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. They are considered living organisms. Bacteria are usually a few micrometres long and they have many different shapes from spheres to rods. Bacteria can be found almost anywhere and are everywhere. Bacteria can multiply extremely fast, usually in millions by half an hour. Bacteria are very useful organism. They help break down organic materials which decompose and return nutrients back to the soil. They help make up many food such as yogurts and meat products. Bacteria help preserve food and digest sugars. Bacteria can also be harmful as some can lead to diseases.
Viruses are infection agents with a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat. Virus can only live and reproduce inside the living cells of organisms. They are only 20nm in diameter. Viruses can only be seen with a light microscope. Viruses infects can infect any organism including bacteria. They multiply inside cells of organism. Viruses have genomes that maybe consist of double stranded or single RNA or DNA. A virus is determine if it is a virus DNA or a virus RNA depending on the kind of nucleic acid that makes up its genome. Virus spreads very fast as they infect a host cell, inject their genetic information into the host cell to program the host cell to make the proteins and other parts required for new viruses to be assembled (replication and transcription). Once assembled, the new virus articles burst out from the host cell, killing it and going to infect other cells.
Prion is a infectious agent made up of misfolded proteins. Prion are not bacteria or viruses. They are proteins that may seem harmless but in fact, they are rogue agents that influences other normal proteins to become prions. Prions cam cause fatal diseases to the brain and nervous system such as scrapie that are deem untreatable. Prions lack nucleic acids.
http://apbiology.ygoy.com/2010/03/01/what-are-prions/
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
Viruses are infection agents with a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat. Virus can only live and reproduce inside the living cells of organisms. They are only 20nm in diameter. Viruses can only be seen with a light microscope. Viruses infects can infect any organism including bacteria. They multiply inside cells of organism. Viruses have genomes that maybe consist of double stranded or single RNA or DNA. A virus is determine if it is a virus DNA or a virus RNA depending on the kind of nucleic acid that makes up its genome. Virus spreads very fast as they infect a host cell, inject their genetic information into the host cell to program the host cell to make the proteins and other parts required for new viruses to be assembled (replication and transcription). Once assembled, the new virus articles burst out from the host cell, killing it and going to infect other cells.
Prion is a infectious agent made up of misfolded proteins. Prion are not bacteria or viruses. They are proteins that may seem harmless but in fact, they are rogue agents that influences other normal proteins to become prions. Prions cam cause fatal diseases to the brain and nervous system such as scrapie that are deem untreatable. Prions lack nucleic acids.
http://apbiology.ygoy.com/2010/03/01/what-are-prions/
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
Cell Respiration Vs.Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process in which living organism such as plant uses light energy to convert into chemical energy. The input is carbon dioxide(CO2), water (H2O), minerals, and sunlight and the output is carbohydrates (sugar and starch) and oxygen. All forms of life depends on photosynthesis. Autographs and photoautotrophs such as plants, protists, cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, and algae requires photosynthesis in order to make their own food.
Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that takes place in a cell or across the cell membrane in order to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules and the cell's waste products. Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. In cellular respiration, energy is released and stored as "high energy carriers" Animals use cellular respiration to take in in oxygen and create ATP and then exhale the CO2 as waste.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are similar because they both transform energy. In photosynthesis, sunlight energy is transformed into glucose in either the light reaction or the Calvin cycle. This is similar to Cellular respiration because in cellular respiration glucose is transformed into ATP through glycolsis or the oxidation of pyruvic acid. They also complement each other and they goes in a circle because in photosynthesis when oxygen is released, humans and mammals breath in that oxygen to start cellular respiration, which is used to break down glucose and as a result releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Also during photosynthesis and cellular respiration, electron transport chains and chemiosmosis play a role in the process of ATP. Photosynthesis has two electron transport chain compare to cellular respiration, which has only one.
http://sciences.aum.edu/bi/bi4523/student/cardwell/phvre.html
Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that takes place in a cell or across the cell membrane in order to obtain biochemical energy from fuel molecules and the cell's waste products. Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. In cellular respiration, energy is released and stored as "high energy carriers" Animals use cellular respiration to take in in oxygen and create ATP and then exhale the CO2 as waste.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are similar because they both transform energy. In photosynthesis, sunlight energy is transformed into glucose in either the light reaction or the Calvin cycle. This is similar to Cellular respiration because in cellular respiration glucose is transformed into ATP through glycolsis or the oxidation of pyruvic acid. They also complement each other and they goes in a circle because in photosynthesis when oxygen is released, humans and mammals breath in that oxygen to start cellular respiration, which is used to break down glucose and as a result releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Also during photosynthesis and cellular respiration, electron transport chains and chemiosmosis play a role in the process of ATP. Photosynthesis has two electron transport chain compare to cellular respiration, which has only one.
http://sciences.aum.edu/bi/bi4523/student/cardwell/phvre.html
Beneficial Bacteria
Lactobacilli Bacteria
They are gram positive anaerobic bacteria located in the lactic acid bacterial group. They are often violet and dark blue. They have a rod shape like appearance. Lactobacilli bacteria main job is to convert lactose into lactic acid. It also helps defend and reduces the effects of an viral infection and helps prevent diarrhea. Lactobacili bacteria also helps defend against foreign toxic intestinal bacteria and provide the body with nutrients. They are located in the small intestines or digestive tract. 
Bifidobacteria Bifidobacteria are beneficial bacteria located in the large intestine or the colon. They are gram positive and they are part of the anaerobic branch. They make up the majority of the bacterias in the colon of mammals. Bifidobateria helps balance the bacteria in the digestive tract. They help increase the body's immune system response and prevent harmful enzymes from entering. They also help prevent intestinal infections and helps improve symptoms of diarrhea and constipation.
Bifidobacterium Longum
Bifidobacterium longum is a gram positive anaerobic bacteria. It had a branched rod-shaped appearance. They are found in the intestines of young humans and babies. They produces lactic acid to stop the growth of gram-negative bacterias. They also help digest complex sugars in the human breast milk. They can also help on digestion, reduce inflammation, and lower cholesterol. They are usually in fermented foods but can be taken in supplement form. They thrive on plant fiber.
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