Chapter 18 : Cures
In 1972 Paul Berg made the first man-mad recombinant DNA using restriction enzymes and ligase. Afterwards there were many experiments that uses recombinant DNA in which a retrovirus would be stripped of its infectious genes and replaces with a desired gene. It is then injected into the body in order to cure diseases such as SCID, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and cancer through gene therapy. Ridley then wonders about of the possibilities of human cloning with genetic improvement through use of embryonic stem cells and recombinant DNA.
Sunday, June 3, 2012
Genome Entries 9
Chapter 14 : Immortality
A molecular biologist named James Watson in 1972 discovered that polymerases does not start copying DNA at the tip of the chromosome but they instead start coding part way into the DNA, so when the DNA is replicated, little bit of the telomere is left out. Telomerase is responsible for increasing the continuous division of cells. This explains why brain cells do not divide in order to save the vital genes they have. In Malignant cancer, cells switch the gene on after it has bee switched off by most cells in development. Ridley proposes a hypothesis that aging maybe be caused by evolution.
A molecular biologist named James Watson in 1972 discovered that polymerases does not start copying DNA at the tip of the chromosome but they instead start coding part way into the DNA, so when the DNA is replicated, little bit of the telomere is left out. Telomerase is responsible for increasing the continuous division of cells. This explains why brain cells do not divide in order to save the vital genes they have. In Malignant cancer, cells switch the gene on after it has bee switched off by most cells in development. Ridley proposes a hypothesis that aging maybe be caused by evolution.
Genome Entries 8
Chapter 8: Environment
Genetic inheritance is explained in this chapter as the principles of pleiotrophy, pluralism, and the environment of the individual. Chromosome 5 contains one of the asthma genes. Asthma has a direct relationship with allergies and can be affected by it. Scientist think that asthma might be increasing because of pollution from modern synthetic chemicals like isocyanates and excessive hygiene. hey found that two genes that are closest related to the asthma causing gene. These two genes produces immunogobuln- E. The proteins comes in different forms and is involved with the release of histamine into the body. Asthma has been linked to trivial and inconclusive gene but the cause of the disease is mostly because of the environment of the individual.
Genetic inheritance is explained in this chapter as the principles of pleiotrophy, pluralism, and the environment of the individual. Chromosome 5 contains one of the asthma genes. Asthma has a direct relationship with allergies and can be affected by it. Scientist think that asthma might be increasing because of pollution from modern synthetic chemicals like isocyanates and excessive hygiene. hey found that two genes that are closest related to the asthma causing gene. These two genes produces immunogobuln- E. The proteins comes in different forms and is involved with the release of histamine into the body. Asthma has been linked to trivial and inconclusive gene but the cause of the disease is mostly because of the environment of the individual.
Genome Entries 7
Chapter 11: Personality
Dopamine is a chemical that creates motivational moods. If someone was to lack Dopamine they would become lethargic or immobile and excess loos of Dopamine can cause schizophrenia. In chapter 11, Dean Hamer shows a study of D4DR that relates with novelty seeking behavior. Hamer depathologizes peoples personalities and reassures them that their personality is innate rather than some learned flaw helped them in order to improve their self esteem. Diet and the amount of cholesterol ones intake can also affect personality and behavior. Antisocial and depressed people have been shown to have lower cholesterol levels because cholesterol affects serotonin. Lower cholesterol levels creates in lower serotonin levels results in depression or violent desires.
Dopamine is a chemical that creates motivational moods. If someone was to lack Dopamine they would become lethargic or immobile and excess loos of Dopamine can cause schizophrenia. In chapter 11, Dean Hamer shows a study of D4DR that relates with novelty seeking behavior. Hamer depathologizes peoples personalities and reassures them that their personality is innate rather than some learned flaw helped them in order to improve their self esteem. Diet and the amount of cholesterol ones intake can also affect personality and behavior. Antisocial and depressed people have been shown to have lower cholesterol levels because cholesterol affects serotonin. Lower cholesterol levels creates in lower serotonin levels results in depression or violent desires.
Genome Entries 6
Chapter17 : Death
A gene called TP53 is responsible for suppressing rogue cancer cells and is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. These genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Ridley explains that the reason detecting cancer early is so important is that the more it progresses and the more the cells divide, the more mutations accumulate. Some cancer victims also carry mutations in mutator genes. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in later stages of the disease
A gene called TP53 is responsible for suppressing rogue cancer cells and is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. These genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Ridley explains that the reason detecting cancer early is so important is that the more it progresses and the more the cells divide, the more mutations accumulate. Some cancer victims also carry mutations in mutator genes. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which is why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in later stages of the disease
BOW Invert Comparassion
Arachnid
Arachnids are a class of invertebrates with 8 jointed legs. They have two pairs of appendages used for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. They have pedipals and chelicerae but no antennae nor wings. Their body is organed into two tagmata . The cephalothorax and the abdomen. Arachnids consist of spiders, ticks, scorpions, and ricinulei and more.
Insects
Insects are a class of invertebrates with a chitin exoskeleton that protects them. Insects have six legs. They have three main body parts. These are the head, thorax, and abdomen. They have three pairs of jointed legs. Insects have wings. Their wings are located on their thorax Insects have compound eyes. They have two pairs of antennae. Insects hatch from eggs and there are about 800,00 different types of insects. The insect class consist of ants, grasshoppers, cricket, wasp, and stink bug.
Annelids
Annelids are sometimes called Annelida. They are from a large phylum of segmented worms. There are about 17,00 species. The Annelids consists of rag worms, earthworms, and leeches. They are found marines environments to freshwater environments to terrestrial environments. Annelids have multiple segments. They have blood circulation within blood vessels. They can produce asexually.
http://ecoglitz.com/wp-content/gallery/insect/insects7.jpg
http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/1929n005.jpg
http://www.cepolina.com/photo/nature/animals/worm/2/worms_annelid_red_nest.jpg
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/annelida.html
http://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/
http://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/arachnids/
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